.2.3 UNIX System Implementations
2.3.1 UNIX System V Release 4
2.3.2 4.4BSD
2.3.3 FreeBSD
2.3.4 Linux
2.3.5 Mac OS X
2.3.6 Solaris
2.3.7 Other UNIX Systems
2.4 Relationship of Standards and Implementations
2.5 Limits
2.5.1 ISO C Limits
2.5.2 POSIX Limits
2.5.3 XSI Limits
2.5.4 sysconf，pathconf，and fpathconf Functions
2.5.5 Indeterminate Runtime Limits
2.6 Options
2.7 Feature Test Macros
2.8 Primitive System Data Types
2.9 Conflicts Between Standards
2.10 Summary
Chapter 3. File I/O
3.1 Introduction
3.2 File Descriptors
3.3 open Function
3.4 creat Function
3.5 close Function
3.6 lseek Function
3.7 read Function
3.8 write Function
3.9 I/O Efficiency
3.10 File Sharing
3.11 Atomic Operations
3.12 dup and dup2 Functions
3.13 sync，fsync，and fdatasync Functions
3.14 fcntl Function
3.15 ioctl Function
3.16 /dev/fd
3.17 Summary
Chapter 4. Files and Directories
4.1 Introduction
4.2 stat，fstat，and lstat Functions
4.3 File Types
4.4 Set-User-ID and Set-Group-ID
4.5 File Access Permissions
4.6 Ownership of New Files and Directories
4.7 access Function
4.8 umask Function
4.9 chmod and fchmod Functions
4.10 Sticky Bit
4.11 chown，fchown，and lchown Functions
4.12 File Size
4.13 File Truncation
4.14 File Systems
4.15 link，unlink，remove，and rename Functions
4.16 Symbolic Links
4.17 symlink and readlink Functions
4.18 File Times
4.19 utime Function
4.20 mkdir and rmdir Functions
4.21 Reading Directories
4.22 chdir，fchdir，and getcwd Functions
4.23 Device Special Files
4.24 Summary of File Access Permission Bits
4.25 Summary
Chapter 5. Standard I/O Library
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Streams and FILE Objects
5.3 Standard Input，Standard Output，and Standard Error
5.4 Buffering
5.5 Opening a Stream
5.6 Reading and Writing a Stream
5.7 Line-at-a-Time I/O
5.8 Standard I/O Efficiency
5.9 Binary I/O
5.10 Positioning a Stream
5.11 Formatted I/O
5.12 Implementation Details
5.13 Temporary Files
5.14 Alternatives to Standard I/O
5.15 Summary
Chapter 6. System Data Files and Information
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Password File
6.3 Shadow Passwords
6.4 Group File
6.5 Supplementary Group IDs
6.6 Implementation Differences
6.7 Other Data Files
6.8 Login Accounting
6.9 System Identification
6.10 Time and Date Routines
6.11 Summary
Chapter 7. Process Environment
7.1 Introduction
7.2 main Function
7.3 Process Termination
7.4 Command-Line Arguments
7.5 Environment List
7.6 Memory Layout of a C Program
7.7 Shared Libraries
7.8 Memory Allocation
7.9 Environment Variables
7.10 setjmp and longjmp Functions
7.11 getrlimit and setrlimit Functions
7.12 Summary
Chapter 8. Process Control
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Process Identifiers
8.3 fork Function
8.4 vfork Function
8.5 exit Functions
8.6 wait and waitpid Functions
8.7 waitid Function
8.8 wait3 and wait4 Functions
8.9 Race Conditions
8.10 exec Functions
8.11 Changing User IDs and Group IDs
8.12 Interpreter Files
8.13 system Function
8.14 Process Accounting
8.15 User Identification
8.16 Process Times
8.17 Summary
Chapter 9. Process Relationships
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Terminal Logins
9.3 Network Logins
9.4 Process Groups
9.5 Sessions
9.6 Controlling Terminal
9.7 tcgetpgrp，tcsetpgrp，and tcgetsid Functions
9.8 Job Control
9.9 Shell Execution of Programs
9.10 Orphaned Process Groups
9.11 FreeBSD Implementation
9.12 Summary
Chapter 10. Signals
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Signal Concepts
10.3 signal Function
10.4 Unreliable Signals
10.5 Interrupted System Calls
10.6 Reentrant Functions
10.7 SIGCLD Semantics
10.8 Reliable-Signal Terminology and Semantics
10.9 kill and raise Functions
10.10 alarm and pause Functions
10.11 Signal Sets..
10.12 sigprocmask Function
10.13 sigpending Function
10.14 sigaction Function
10.15 sigsetjmp and siglongjmp Functions
10.16 sigsuspend Function
10.17 abort Function
10.18 system Function
10.19 sleep Function
10.20 Job-Control Signals
10.21 Additional Features
10.22 Summary
Chapter 11. Threads
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Thread Concepts
11.3 Thread Identification
11.4 Thread Creation
11.5 Thread Termination
11.6 Thread Synchronization
11.7 Summary
Chapter 12. Thread Control
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Thread Limits
12.3 Thread Attributes
12.4 Synchronization Attributes
12.5 Reentrancy
12.6 Thread-Specific Data
12.7 Cancel Options
12.8 Threads and Signals
12.9 Threads and fork
12.10 Threads and I/O
12.11 Summary
Chapter 13. Daemon Processes
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Daemon Characteristics
13.3 Coding Rules
13.4 Error Logging
13.5 Single-Instance Daemons
13.6 Daemon Conventions
13.7 Client-Server Model
13.8 Summary
Chapter 14. Advanced I/O
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Nonblocking I/O
14.3 Record Lockino
14.4 STREAMS
14.5 I/O Multiplexing
14.5.1 select and pselect Functions
14.5.2 poll Function
14.6 Asynchronous I/O
14.6.1 System V Asynchronous I/O
14.6.2 BSD Asynchronous I/O
14.7 rea(tv and writer Functions
14.8 readn and writen Functions
14.9 Memory-Mapped I/O
14.10 Summary
Chapter 15. Interprocess Communication
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Pipes
15.3 popen and pclose Functions
15.4 Coprocesses
15.5 FIFOs
15.6 XSI IPC
15.6.1 Identifiers and Keys
15.6.2 Permission Structure
15.6.3 Configuration Limits
15.6.4 Advantages and Disadvantages
15.7 Message Queues
15.8 Semaphores
15.9 Shared Memory
15.10 Client-Server Properties
15.11 Summary
Chapter 16. Network IPC: Sockets
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Socket Descriptors
16.3 Addressing
16.3.1 Byte Ordering
16.3.2 Address Formats
16.3.3 Address Lookup
16.3.4 Associating Addresses with Sockets
16.4 Connection Establishment
16.5 Data Transfer
16.6 Socket Options
16.7 Out-of-Band Data
16.8 Nonblocking and Asynchronous I/O
16.9 Summary
Chapter 17. Advanced IPC
17.1 Introduction
17.2 STREAMS-Based Pipes
17.2.1 Naming STREAMS Pipes
17.2.2 Unique Connections
17.3 UNIX Domain Sockets
17.3.1 Naming UNIX Domain Sockets
17.3.2 Unique Connections
17.4 Passing File Descriptors
17.4.1 Passing File Descriptors over STREAMS-Based Pipes
17.4.2 Passing File Descriptors over UNIX Domain Sockets
17.5 An Open Server，Version 1
17.6 An Open Server，Version 2
17.7 Summary
Chapter 18. Terminal I/O
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Overview
18.3 Special Input Characters
18.4 Getting and Setting Terminal Attributes
18.5 Terminal Option Flags
18.6 stty Command
18.7 Baud Rate Functions
18.8 Line Control Functions
18.9 Terminal Identification
18.10 Canonical Mode
18.11 Noncanonical Mode
18.12 Terminal Window Size
18.13 termcap，terminfo，and curses
18.14 Summary
Chapter 19. Pseudo Terminals
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Overview
19.3 Opening Pseudo-Terminal Devices
19.3.1 STREAMS-Based Pseudo Terminals
19.3.2 BSD-Based Pseudo Terminals
19.3.3 Linux-Based Pseudo Terminals
19.4 pty_fork Function
19.5 pty Program
19.6 Using the pry Program
19.7 Advanced Features
19.8 Summary
Chapter 20. A Database Library
20.1 Introduction
20.2 History
20.3 The Library
20.4 Implementation Overview
20.5 Centralized or Decentralized?
20.6 Concurrency
20.7 Building the Library
20.8 Source Code
20.9 Performance
20.10 Summary
Chapter 21. Communicating with a Network Printer
21.1 Introduction
21.2 The Internet Printing Protocol
21.3 The Hypertext Transfer Protocol
21.4 Printer Spooling
21.5 Source Code
21.6 Summary
Appendix A. Function Prototypes
Appendix B. Miscellaneous Source Code
B.1 Our Header File
B.2 Standard Error Routines
Appendix C. Solutions to Selected Exercises
Bibliography
Index...

.（2）Linux 2.4.22（Mandrake9.2发布），是一个免费的类UNIX操作系统，运行于英特尔奔腾处理器上。
（3）Solaris 9，是Sun公司系统V版本4的变种，运行于64位的UltraSPARCIIi处理器上。
（4）Darwin 7.4.0，是基于FreeBSD和Mach的操作系统环境，为Apple Mac OS X 10.3版本所支持，运行于PowerPC处理器上。
致谢
（首先要感谢）Rich Stevens独立创作了本书第1版，它立即成为一本经典著作。
没有家人的支持，我不可能修订此书。他们容忍我满屋子散落稿纸(比平常还甚)，霸占了家里的好几台机器，成天埋头于电脑屏幕前。我的妻子Jeanne甚至亲自动手帮我在——台测试的机器上安装了Linux。
多名技术审校者提出了很多改进意见，确保内容准确。我非常感谢David Bausum、David Boreham、Keith Bostic、Mark Ellis、Phil Howard、Andrew Josey、Mukesh Kacker、Brian Kernighan、Bengt Kleberg、Ben Kuperman、Eric Raymond和Andy Rudoff。
我还要谢谢AndyRudoff给我解答有关Solaris的问题，谢谢DennisRitchie不惜花时间从故纸堆中为我寻找有关历史方面问题的答案。再次谢谢Addison-Wesley公司的员工，与他们合作令人愉快，谢谢Tyrrell Albaugh、Mary Franz、John Fuller、Karen Gettman、Jessica Goldstein、Noreen Regina和John Wait。特别感谢Evelyn Pyle细致地编辑了本书。
就像Rich曾经做到的那样，我非常欢迎读者发来邮件，发表评论，提出建议，订正错误。...
Stephen A．Rago
sar@apuebook．com
2005年4月于新泽西州Warren市